{"id":131,"date":"2025-10-19T12:52:40","date_gmt":"2025-10-19T09:52:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/demo.wpmatik.com\/minimalist\/?p=131"},"modified":"2025-10-19T13:02:39","modified_gmt":"2025-10-19T10:02:39","slug":"ilk-anayasamizin-gizlice-kaleme-alindigi-yer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/demo.wpmatik.com\/minimalist\/ilk-anayasamizin-gizlice-kaleme-alindigi-yer\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130lk anayasam\u0131z\u0131n gizlice kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Anayasalar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de darbeler yahut a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131lar neticesinde ya\u015fanan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u015fartlarda haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bir tekkede gizlice kaleme al\u0131nan 1876\u2019daki ilk anayasam\u0131z \u201c<strong>Kanun-\u0131 Es\u00e2s\u00ee<\/strong>\u201d de o sene \u00fc\u00e7 ay ara ile gelen iki darbenin eseridir\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Meclis yeni anayasa paketi \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, iktidar ve muhalefet taslak metinler haz\u0131rl\u0131yorlar ve \u201cresm\u00ee dil\u201d konusu da g\u00fcndeme geliyor\u2026 T\u00fcrkiye ayn\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Midhat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n bundan tam 137 sene \u00f6nce bir tekkede tek ba\u015f\u0131na kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ilk anayasam\u0131z olan \u201cKanun-\u0131 Es\u00e2s\u00ee\u201d g\u00fcnlerinde de ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, resm\u00ee dil konusu 1908\u2019deki \u0130kinci Meclis\u2019in g\u00fcndemini de uzun m\u00fcddet i\u015fgal etmi\u015fti.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-284\" src=\"https:\/\/demo.habermatik.net\/v3\/wp-content\/uploads\/mithat-pasa-300x153.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/demo.habermatik.net\/v3\/wp-content\/uploads\/mithat-pasa-300x153.jpg 300w, https:\/\/demo.habermatik.net\/v3\/wp-content\/uploads\/mithat-pasa.jpg 357w\" alt=\"mithat-pasa\" width=\"300\" height=\"153\" \/><br \/>\nMECL\u0130S\u2019te yeni anayasa \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar hummal\u0131 \u015fekilde devam ediyor; iktidar da, muhalefet partileri de taslak metinler haz\u0131rl\u0131yorlar ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n esas\u0131, anayasan\u0131n giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile ilk maddeleri \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131yor.<br \/>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar yak\u0131nda bitecek, metin son \u015feklini alacak ve art\u0131k \u201c\u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u201d standartlarda bir anayasaya sahip olaca\u011f\u0131z!<br \/>\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de b\u00fct\u00fcn anayasalar \u015fimdiye kadar darbeler yahut a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131lar neticesinde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u015fartlarda haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve ilk anayasam\u0131z olan 1876\u2019daki \u201cKanun-\u0131 Es\u00e2s\u00ee\u201d de o sene ardarda ya\u015fanan iki darbenin eseri gibidir\u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u00dc\u00c7 AYDA \u0130K\u0130 DARBE<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130\u015fte bu\u00a0ilk anayasam\u0131z\u0131n haz\u0131rlan\u0131\u015f \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc:<\/strong><br \/>\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti, 1876\u2019n\u0131n yaz aylar\u0131n\u0131 son derece hareketli ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, 30 May\u0131s\u2019ta Sultan Abd\u00fcl\u00e2ziz taht\u0131ndan indirilmi\u015f, yerini Be\u015finci Murad alm\u0131\u015f, devrik h\u00fck\u00fcmdar sadece d\u00f6rt g\u00fcn hayatta kalabilmi\u015f ve 4 Haziran ak\u015fam\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Be\u015finci Murad ise 93 g\u00fcn padi\u015fahl\u0131k etmi\u015f, \u201cdelirdi\u011fi\u201d iddias\u0131 ile 31 A\u011fustos\u2019ta o da taht\u0131nda indirilmi\u015f ve Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid\u2019in o\u011fullar\u0131ndan \u015eehzade Abd\u00fclhamid Efendi, \u201c\u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid\u201d olarak tahta \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<br \/>\nS\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f ile sava\u015f halindeydik ve 31 Ekim g\u00fcn\u00fc Rusya\u2019dan \u0130stanbul\u2019a sava\u015fa derhal son verilmesi i\u00e7in bir \u00fcltimatom ald\u0131k. Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin temsilcileri \u0130stanbul\u2019un Rusya kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yaln\u0131z kalmamas\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesinin de\u011fi\u015fmemesi i\u00e7in bir\u015feyler yapmak maksad\u0131yla \u0130stanbul\u2019a geldiler ve 23 Aral\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fc Hali\u00e7 Tersanesi\u2019ndeki Denizcilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 binas\u0131nda bir konferans topland\u0131. Resmi g\u00fcndem \u0130stanbul\u2019a destek ve Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6zda\u011f\u0131 vermekti ama Avrupa, Bab\u0131ali\u2019den bu vesile ile bir\u015feyler kopartabilmenin pe\u015findeydi ve s\u00f6ylenenler bug\u00fcn edilen s\u00f6zler ile ayn\u0131 idi: \u201cAvrupal\u0131 olabilmek i\u00e7in k\u00f6kl\u00fc reformlar yapmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z!\u201d diyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n<h2>TEKKEDE H\u00dcCREYE KAPANDI<\/h2>\n<p>Tersane Konferans\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde, saray bir ba\u015fka haz\u0131rl\u0131kla me\u015fguld\u00fc: Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019nin, yani anayasan\u0131n il\u00e2n\u0131yla\u2026 Gen\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar Abd\u00fclhamid, tahta \u00e7\u0131karken me\u015frutiyet s\u00f6z\u00fc vermi\u015f ve bir anayasa tasla\u011f\u0131 haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015fti.<br \/>\nMe\u015frutiyetin il\u00e2n\u0131 ve ilk anayasa, 23 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta, Tersane Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 saatlerde top at\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla duyuruldu. Bab\u0131ali, Avrupal\u0131lar\u2019a \u201cBiz de art\u0131k sizler gibi olduk\u201d diyerek T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Avrupal\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul ettirebilece\u011fine inan\u0131yordu.<br \/>\nAnayasay\u0131, Midhat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu bir komisyon haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama s\u00f6ylentilere g\u00f6re metni Pa\u015fa bizzat kaleme alm\u0131\u015f, hatta bu i\u015fi yapmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6zlerden uzak bir yer aram\u0131\u015f ve bir tekkeye, \u0130stanbul\u2019un surd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki tek Mevlevi derg\u00e2h\u0131 olan Yenikap\u0131 Mevlev\u00eeh\u00e2nesi\u2019ne kapanm\u0131\u015f, orada g\u00fcnlerce \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<br \/>\nMidhat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 metin ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011fu komisyon taraf\u0131ndan kabul edildi ve birka\u00e7 maddede baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yapan Abd\u00fclhamid T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk anayasas\u0131n\u0131 il\u00e2n edip y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koydu.<\/p>\n<h3>AVRUPA BE\u011eENMED\u0130<\/h3>\n<p>Ama i\u015fler o g\u00fcn beklendi\u011fi gibi gitmedi. Tersane\u2019deki Avrupal\u0131lar top seslerini i\u015fitince, \u00f6nce ihtil\u00e2l oluyor zannettiler ve vaziyetten Bab\u0131ali\u2019den gelen bir heyet sayesinde haberdar oldular. Heyet \u201cTop sesleri, devletimizin me\u015frutiyete ge\u00e7ti\u011fini m\u00fcjdeliyor. Art\u0131k az\u0131nl\u0131k meselesi diye bir problemimiz kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla konferans\u0131n devam\u0131na da l\u00fczum yoktur\u201d dediler. Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n cevab\u0131 sadece iki kelime oldu: \u201c\u00c7ocuk oyunca\u011f\u0131\u201d dediler\u2026<\/p>\n<h4>RUSLAR YE\u015e\u0130LK\u00d6Y\u2019DE!<\/h4>\n<p>Me\u015frutiyet hi\u00e7birinin umurunda de\u011fildi, toplant\u0131lar\u0131na devam ettiler ve haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 talep listesini Bab\u0131ali\u2019nin burnuna dayad\u0131lar. Gayr\u0131m\u00fcslimler i\u00e7in yeni haklar istiyorlard\u0131\u2026<br \/>\nAvrupal\u0131la\u015fma u\u011fruna rejimi ba\u015ftan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmemize ra\u011fmen Avrupal\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131k\u2026<br \/>\nBu ilk anayasa denememizden sonra olup bitenleri de k\u0131saca anlatay\u0131m: \u0130\u015fin devam\u0131 biraz kanl\u0131 oldu. \u0130lk parlamento 19 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131, Rusya 24 Nisan\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye sava\u015f il\u00e2n etti. Tarihlere \u201c93 Harbi\u201d diye ge\u00e7en sava\u015fta \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131k, Rus ordusu Ye\u015filk\u00f6y\u2019e kadar geldi. D\u00fcnya kadar toprak kaybettik ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar olup biterken Meclis\u2019in baz\u0131 \u00fcyeleri milliyet davas\u0131na kalk\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar, Abd\u00fclhamid de 1878\u2019in 13 \u015eubat\u2019\u0131nda Meclis\u2019i s\u00fcresiz tatil etti. Bu tatil tam 30 sene, 1908\u2019deki \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyet\u2019e kadar devam edecekti.<\/p>\n<h5>CELAL BAYAR GET\u0130RTT\u0130<\/h5>\n<p>Anayasan\u0131n mimar\u0131 Midhat Pa\u015fa ise, meclisin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan bir ay kadar \u00f6nce, 5 \u015eubat g\u00fcn\u00fc devreden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131. Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n devletin tek h\u00e2kimi gibi davranmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve etrafta \u201cOsmano\u011fullar\u0131 olur da Midhato\u011fullar\u0131 ni\u00e7in olmaz?\u201d gibisinden s\u00f6zler s\u00f6yledi\u011finin iddia edilmesi \u00fczerine, Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid anayasan\u0131n 113. maddesini i\u015fletti. Madde, padi\u015faha devlet i\u00e7in tehlikeli olabilecek ki\u015fileri s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131\u015f\u0131 etme hakk\u0131 veriyordu. Abd\u00fclhamid, maddeyi Midhat Pa\u015fa\u2019ya uygulad\u0131 ve sadrazaml\u0131ktan azledilen Pa\u015fa, Avrupa\u2019ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderildi. Anayasan\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yenikap\u0131 Mevlev\u00eeh\u00e2nesi ise s\u0131k\u0131 bir tarassut alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131, etraf\u0131na jurnalciler yerle\u015ftirildi ve mevlev\u00eeh\u00e2ne seneler boyunca \u00e2yin gecelerinde bile jurnalcilerle dolup ta\u015ft\u0131.<br \/>\n\u0130stanbul\u2019a birka\u00e7 sene sonra yeniden d\u00f6necek olan Midhat Pa\u015fa ise bu defa Sultan Abd\u00fcl\u00e2ziz\u2019i \u00f6ld\u00fcrtmekle su\u00e7lan\u0131p mahkemeye \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lacak, idama mahk\u00fbm edilecek, cezas\u0131 m\u00fcebbed hapse \u00e7evrilecek, Arabistan\u2019a s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp Taif\u2019te bir kaleye kapat\u0131lacak, orada h\u00e2l\u00e2 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir \u015fekilde can verecek ve kemikleri 1951\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye getirtilerek 26 Haziran\u2019da Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Cel\u00e2l Bayar\u2019\u0131n da kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir devlet t\u00f6reni ile \u0130stanbul\u2019da, \u00c2bide-i H\u00fcrriyet\u2019e defnedilecekti.<br \/>\n1876\u2019daki ilk anayasam\u0131z\u0131n maceras\u0131, ana hatlar\u0131yla i\u015fte, b\u00f6yle\u2026 Yine o g\u00fcnlerde g\u00fcndeme gelen \u201cresm\u00ee dil\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan baz\u0131 hadiseleri de, bu sayfadaki kutuda okuyabilirsiniz\u2026<\/p>\n<h6>Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid resmi dil y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Meclis\u2019i kapatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/h6>\n<p>ANAYASA\u2019da \u201cresm\u00ee dil\u201d ve \u201cT\u00fcrkl\u00fck\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n her bahsi ge\u00e7i\u015finde, bug\u00fcn Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n \u201cServia\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan Serfi\u00e7e b\u00f6lgesinin Osmanl\u0131 Meclisi\u2019ndeki Rum milletvekili olan Yorgi Bo\u015fo Efendi\u2019nin \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyet Meclisi\u2019nde etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenen \u201cBen, Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131 kadar Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131m\u201d \u015feklindeki s\u00f6zlerini hat\u0131rlar\u0131z\u2026<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u015e\u0130RKET G\u0130B\u0130 DEVLET<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Meclis tutanaklar\u0131 tarand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Bo\u015fo Efendi\u2019nin b\u00f6yle bir s\u00f6z\u00fcne rastlanmaz ama 1909\u2019da \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti bir \u015firket gibidir. O \u015firketin b\u00fcy\u00fck olabilmesi i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn ortaklar\u0131n sermayeleri ile girmeleri l\u00e2z\u0131md\u0131r. Bizim sermayemiz nedir? Dilimiz ve \u00f6\u011fretimimiz\u2026 Ba\u015fka bir\u015fey yok\u201d dedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<br \/>\nMHP Genel Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Devlet Bah\u00e7eli de anadil tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken Bo\u015fo Efendi\u2019den geriye gidememi\u015f olacak ki, ge\u00e7enlerde bu konuda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada Bo\u015fo Efendi\u2019den bahsetti ama 1876\u2019daki ilk Meclis\u2019te ya\u015fananlardan hi\u00e7 s\u00f6z etmedi.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130K\u0130 MADDEDE T\u00dcRK\u00c7E<\/p>\n<p>Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi paketi ile \u015fimdi yeniden tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan anadil meselesi, bundan 137 sene \u00f6nce, ilk anayasam\u0131z\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda da g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015fti.<br \/>\nMidhat Pa\u015fa, haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anayasa tasla\u011f\u0131nda resmi dil meselesine temas etmemi\u015f, sadece \u201c\u0130mparatorluk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fayan herkes kendi diliyle e\u011fitim ve bu dili her yerde kullanabilme hakk\u0131na sahiptir\u201d demi\u015fti.<br \/>\nB\u00f6yle bir madde tam bir dil karga\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, hatt\u00e2 Meclis k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcnde bile de\u011fi\u015fik dillerde konu\u015fulmas\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile dil anar\u015fisinin do\u011fmas\u0131 demekti. Devreye giren Mabeyn Ba\u015fk\u00e2tibi yani saray\u0131n genel sekreteri E\u011finli Said Pa\u015fa, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 maddenin de\u011fi\u015fmesi i\u00e7in ikna etti ve ilk anayasam\u0131zda resmi dile iki maddede yer verildi: 18. maddede devletin resmi dilinin \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u201d oldu\u011fu s\u00f6yleniyor, 57. maddede ise Meclis g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerine \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u015fart\u0131\u201d getiriliyordu.<\/p>\n<p>TARTI\u015eMA MECL\u0130S KAPATTIRDI<\/p>\n<p>Ancak dil konusu Meclis\u2019te devaml\u0131 bir huzursuzluk kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu. Hristiyan milletvekilleri k\u00fcrs\u00fcden kendi dilleriyle konu\u015fmaya kalkt\u0131lar. Hatt\u00e2 Erzurum\u2019daki Ermeni cemaatinin temsilcisi olan Hamazasp Efendi i\u015fi b\u00fct\u00fcn az\u0131nl\u0131k dillerinin resmi dil kabul edilmesini istemeye kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc.<br \/>\nSultan Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in 1878 \u015eubat\u2019\u0131nda Meclis\u2019i kapatma gerek\u00e7eleri aras\u0131nda ilk s\u0131rada, az\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n bu gibi talepleri yeral\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Anayasalar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de darbeler yahut a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131lar neticesinde ya\u015fanan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u015fartlarda haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bir tekkede gizlice kaleme al\u0131nan 1876\u2019daki ilk anayasam\u0131z \u201cKanun-\u0131 Es\u00e2s\u00ee\u201d de o sene \u00fc\u00e7 ay ara ile gelen iki darbenin eseridir\u2026 Meclis yeni anayasa paketi \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, iktidar ve muhalefet taslak metinler haz\u0131rl\u0131yorlar ve \u201cresm\u00ee dil\u201d konusu da g\u00fcndeme geliyor\u2026 T\u00fcrkiye ayn\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":132,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[51],"class_list":["post-131","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tarih","tag-ana-yasa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/demo.wpmatik.com\/minimalist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/demo.wpmatik.com\/minimalist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/demo.wpmatik.com\/minimalist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demo.wpmatik.com\/minimalist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demo.wpmatik.com\/minimalist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=131"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/demo.wpmatik.com\/minimalist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":133,"href":"https:\/\/demo.wpmatik.com\/minimalist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131\/revisions\/133"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demo.wpmatik.com\/minimalist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/132"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/demo.wpmatik.com\/minimalist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=131"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demo.wpmatik.com\/minimalist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=131"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demo.wpmatik.com\/minimalist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=131"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}